Unit 8: Definite and Indefinite Articles

Unit Overview

The article system in English, with its numerous rules and exceptions, is one of the more difficult areas to master: This unit builds on students' understanding of count and non-count nouns from the preceding unit and teaches article usage (a/an, zero article, the) in relation to nouns that are:

• countable vs. non-countable
• specific vs. non-specific
• definite vs. indefinite
• generic vs. specific
• unique
• geographical names
  

UNIT 6: MODALS TO EXPRESS DEGREES OF CERTAINTY

• For me is important to know that we have to use

MUST HAVE /HAD TO HAVE” + PAST PARTICIPLE

When we are speculating about the past and are almost certain.

For instance:

A: I am sure that I turned on my TV.

B: Do not worry. Your husband is here and he must have turned it off.

• Also let me tell you that when we speculate in negative about the past we have two possibilities:

COULDN’T HAVE

CAN’T HAVE

Both have the same meaning.

For instance:

Oh! It is a disaster but my brother was outside yesterday, so he couldn’t have done it.

Or

Oh! It is a disaster but my brother was outside yesterday, so he can’t have done it.

• When you are slightly less certain, you have to use

MUST NOT HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

For instance:

My uncle must not have traveled to Loreto.

• In questions we use
  
  CAN HAVE/ COULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
  
  For instance:
  Could / Can that have discovered the penicillin?
  
  Vanessa Correa - AO4

UNIT 2 - Past Time

Every know that PAST TIME express an action that you did in the past. There are more grammar structures when refer about the past time like past progressive, simple past, present perfect, past perfect and past perfect progressive. Learning these structures allow to have a good communication. For example, you can use past time when you want to tell a story or told about your experiences.
Examples:

Simple Past
I lived in Cajamarca for two years.
I moved there five years ago.

Present Perfect
She's lived in Argentina for ten years.
She's lived in Argentina since 1999.

Past Perfect
By 1988 Oprah Winfrey had become a famous.
It was 1985. She had already been in Hollywood film.

Past Perfect Progressive
She had been studying at the university when she got her first TV job. (She was studying at the university. Then she got the job)

Student: Claudia Paredes J.

UNIT 2: Past Time

UNIT 2: Past Time

Past Time: Habitual or Repeated

I noticed that in some cases is a little confussing know what expression to use between "used to" and "would", but thanks to Mr Jaramillo it isn't a problem anymore, because u can use "use to" when the context refer to state, possession or location and another way of know when use "used to" is that "used to" us for habitual actions in the past that never will go back to repeat and use "would" for habitual actions in the past that can will go back to repeat.
Examples:
-I used to live in Toronto. (location)
-She used to be a marriage counselor. (state)
-He used to have a spring home. (possession)
-We would spend every summer in Iquitos. (this habit can repeat)
..............................
Advance-04
Ivan Arturo,Apaza Barrantes
Thanks, cya ^^

UNIT 7 INDEFINITE AND DEFINITE ARTICLES

I think this topic is very interesting, because the articles and nouns together have a lot of combinations. In order to learn this topics as well as the others a lot of practice is needed.
The articles are words that modify proper and common nouns. There are two type of articles definite and indefinite when combined with nouns become specific, non specific and generic.

Examples

1.- Indefinite articles (a/an).- Is used to talk about general things, and for things that not everyone knows about.

1.1.- Singular Count Nouns

1.1.1 .- Non-specific
She bought a cell phone at a supermarket.

1.1.2.- Generic
A cell phone is a communication gadget

2.- Definite articles (the).- Is used to talk about specific things and for things that everyone knows abouth.

2.1 Plural count nouns

2.1.1 Specific
The snow-covered mountains in Huaraz are dissapearing

2.1.2 Generic
The snow-covered mountains are in danger everywhere


3.- Zero Article .- Several kind of nouns never use articles

3.1 Proper nouns

3.1.1 Non-specific and Generic
She spent her day off in Cusco.

3.2 Non-Count Nouns

3.2.1 Non-Specific
Some parts of aircrafts are made of aluminium.

3.2.1 Generic
Aluminium is a metal that has the ability to resist corrosion.

Name student: Irving Carrera Espinoza

My Icpna project

Well teacher, it`s a pleasure for me to tell about how I improved my english using modals and all the advices that you gave us in class. It also includes pronunciation and dynamic methods to understand each unit. ;-)

I chose Unit 5 because for me this grammar is very important and interesting. I learned the modals to express degrees of necessity. Also, there are modals to speculate about future, for example you use will have to to show future necessity.
I think this grammar is very useful because we use it all days in our diary life.
Here are some examples from the grammar items.

• We use must, have to and have got to to show strong necessity. Ex:

- You have to finish the household chores.

- You must avoid eating junk food.

- You have got to lose weight if you want to look slim for summer.

• We use should or ought to to offer advices. Ex:

- You should look for a better job opportunitie.

- You ought to have used a new uniform for your new job.

• We use be supposed to to show an expectation. It is used only in the present and the past. Ex:

- You`re supposed to have an exam tomorrow.

- We weren`t supposed to arrive late at home.

• We use could or might to make polite , not too strong suggestions about the present or future.

- You could have taken a beautiful present for your boss.

- He might forgive his brother.

Well teacher that`s all for today..I hope my project would be ok. see you tomorrow..

Gladys Sànchez Ballena

ENGLISH PROJECT

UNIT 3

THE USE OF USED TO AND WOULD

The used of: would and used to has always been a problem for me until a couple of weeks ago. I didn¨t see the diference between them, but now I know that they have the same meaning (They both express past actions) ; except that used can express: location, state and possession.

ExampleS:

1. Mary used to live in Ica. (not any more)

2. I used to be a good student. (not any more)

3. I used to have three brothers (not any more)

I am so happy that I understood finally this significant part of grammar thanks to Mr. Jaramillo.

Thank you.

Name: ROSARIO RIOS GIRALDO
l

unit 7 : count and non count nouns

first of all , I´m very glad because in this course i learned and i understood how to use this grammar sometimes i make mistake when i use some nouns , for this grammar is really important because in that way i can see that there are some non-count nouns that also can be countable.

example(proper nouns and common nouns)

proper noun:
.China is one of the most famous country in all the world.
.Gabriel Garcia wrote ¨Los perros hambrientos¨.

example

count nouns
Carla give maria a cake for her birthday.

non count nouns
mario says that is very dangerous walk after 10 pm.

example(non count nouns countable sense)

do you like pizza?
in Peru, i tasted a new kind of pizza.

i drink soda every morning until 10am.
In the super market there are different kind of sodas.

I drank a juice.
please can you bring us oranje juice.

trank you teacher and i see you later.

carolina paquillaure adv 4.

UNIT 6: MODALS TO EXPRESS DEGREES OF CERTAINTY

well, I am happy that I can use some modals such as should, ought to , might , may and could to express almosr certain or less certain and a future action or event.

E.G.
1.- We may know the answer soon .
2.- we might pass the final exam.
3.-We ought to solve the problem soon

IT 'S NICE TO LEARN NEW THINGS EACH DAY
OCTAVIO CHIRINOS A0G4

Unit 2

Unit 2

Past Time

I think this unit show us how important is the using of the past and some rules that we have to follow to write in a correct way.

Its interesting to know how we can use the present perfect to describe completed actions in a not specific time in the past. Something else that I understand is when we use the past perfect we have to use also the past simple to show which one is first. For instance

Past perfect

· By the time the boss arrived. They had written all the letters

· By the time the day of the exam arrived, he had studied everything.

· When I got up , my favorite program have finished

· I had gone out when she came.


Past : Present Perfect

· I have lost my dictionary.

· Carlos has fixed my televsion

· You haven't eaten very much.

· I haven't read his letter.


Alan Lozano Morales - A04

UNIT 4: TAG QUESTIONS

UNIT 4: Tag Questions

I think a tag question is a special construction in English. It is a statement followed by a mini-question. The whole sentence is a "tag question", and the mini-question at the end is called a "question tag". And is easy to learn.

Examples:

You are Spanish, aren't you?
That film was fantastic, wasn't it?
Let's go to the beach, shall we?
Close the window, will you?

We use a positive tag question after a sentence containing a negative word such as never, hardly, nobody.

Example:

Nobody lives in this house, do they?
You've never liked me, have you?

We can use positive question tags after positive sentences to express a reaction such as surprise or interest.

Example:

You're moving to Brazil, are you?


Name: Jose Alonso Pozo Raymundo
AO4F

UNIT 5: Modals to express Degrees of necessity

first of , i´m very glad and satisfied because i learned and understood how to use correctly the topic about modals to express degrees of necessity ,so , this grammar is very important and it was interesting for me , for instance one of them is ´´must´´ where i can make assumptions taht it´s based on information we have , also when i affirmative conclusions that i´m pretty sure that something is true , and it´s used to express obligation that it usually is in a position of power ,adding something more it expresses an urgent necessity.

example: "must"

• you must go to bed right now, karla! (it usually is in a position of power).
• he must live her . his name´s on the door. (it used to affirmative conclusions).
• you really must talk to your boss about a raise (it used to express an urgent necessity).

* we use have to , have got to ( to express necessity and affirmative conclusions )

example:

• you have to press star to begin recording .
• he has to be home .he just answered the phone .

* we use should and ought to (to give advice and ask for advice )

example:

• you should watch ¨ titanic¨ tonight .
• should i buy a new radio ?

* we use had better ( for urgent advice )

example:

• you ´d better stop watching so much tv or your grades will suffer.

* we use could / might( we use for the present and future ,suggestions and could for negative and questions).

example :

• you could win an award .
• it couldn´t start at 10:00. the news is on then

well, that´s all.

karina alva calva .Adv 4.

UNIT 1 PRESENT AND FUTURE TIME

well. I'm really happy because we can use this grammar with their different kinds of time.(present and future time). All students (Basic,Interminate and Advanced) are really happy when they use the simple present to show actions,events or states that happen in their daily lifes and they also can use the future time to say what they think will happen im their future or something like that.

let me give some examples:

*Using The Simple Present and The Present Progressive:

· American people have a good job.
· The weeding starts tomorrow at 8:00pm.
· My sister goes shopping.
· My brother is reading the newspaper.
· Maria is cooking in the ckitchen.

*Using The present Perfect and The P.Perfect Progressive:

· I have wrote a history of my life.
· I have been traveling for a month.
· I have been writing a love letter.

*Using The Future Time:

· I'm going to buy a new jacket tomorrow.
· I'm going to make a party with all my friends.
· I'll help you in your proyect.
· I'll work with you in this company.

Well. that's all folks

By Eric Carlo Diaz Tafur a good friend . ADV. 4

see you soon ! :-P

Modals to express degrees of certainty - UNIT 6

I think the topic of modals to express degrees of certainty was really interesting .Well this is my opinion ,
but inside of this topic , you know there are modals to speculate about the future and this is what I am talking about.

SHOULD / OUGHT TO are not only used to give advice in the present as we saw in the previous unit, right.

Also they are used when you ARE ALMOST CERTAIN ABOUT A FUTURE ACTION OR EVENT.

EXAMPLES:

1. Maria should / ought to do well on the test tomorrow.

(In these two possible sentences, the speaker is saying,

"She will probably do well on the test. That is what I think will happen." )

2. We should/ ought to be able to go to Spain next holidays if we keep saving at this rate.

3. It shouldn't take us long to clean up this mess if we all help.

( In these sentences we want something to happen , and it is reasonable to expect it to )

4. She ought to / should take us for a drive soon.

5. I should /ought to take a walk tomorrow.

(Expectations)

Milagros Cori Fleishman - (A04F)

ACTION AND NON-ACTION VERBS - UNIT 3

I learned that some verbs cannot be used in the progressive tense and they are called non-action verbs . Non-action verbs indicate state, sense, desire, possession, or opinion.
Something that sounds interesting is that some of these verbs can be used like an action verbs and this depend of the situation .

examples :

I think God doesnt exist .
I am thinking what I have to do tomorrow .

She feels bad .
I am feeling their hands in my shoulders .

I have a new car .
I am having lunch with my family .

This soup tastes wonderful .
The chef is tasting the dish .

My mom's food smells great .
she is smelling the flowers .

I see the pìcture .
I am seeing a doctor .

Israel Diaz A . AO4F-Advance Grammar 1

Tag Questions Unit 4

Something that caught my curiosity is how I can dominate the conversation using tag questions. I mean when you want to know about something or just comment about something.

Let's go, shall we?
Nothing came in the post, did it?
You have to go, don't you?
I am right, aren't I?

If your voice falls on the tag, you expect the listener to agree with you

It's a nice day today, ISn't it?

It's a beautiful view, ISn't it?

That's an interesting idea, ISn't it?

But if your voice rises on the tag, you’re using tag question to get information.

The chairman's coming at 3.00, isn't HE?

You don't know where my wallet is, do YOU?

You have a sister, don't YOU?

by Julio-C. Chirinos

UNIT 2. PAST TIME

This grammar is very important if you wantt to write a report or information about any topic. Using this time you can integrate a meaningful whole. If you want to create or narrate a history, or tale; this grammar is perfect!.

Example:

Giorgio won a promotion to study in any place of the world. He decided to travel to Peru,

s. past s. past

Because when he was a child, he used to be an indigenous in his dreams. He even told his

s. past habitual

old friend, and his friend said: I has lived in Peru for several years. Giorgio enjoyed to

s. past present perfect s. past

talk even by messenger. He had chosen that place because its cultural history is

past perfect

interesting. He had met his old friend in a cafeteria in Italy four year ago, but they didn’t

past perfect

have more free time to speak. He has been planning to visit his friend and Giorgio’s friend

past perfect progressive

knew he was going to arrive Peru soon. When Giorgio arrived to Peru, there was

past perfect progressive pastperfect

raining. He was founding a pay phone to call his friend But his friend died two hours

progressive past perfect progressive simple past

ago and he didn´t know.

Simple past negative

Carmen Alvarez Ch.

UNIT 2: PAST TIME

I have really enjoyed this grammar course and had moments that I said myself “really I had never heard something like that!”. First I was flying but practicing I could understand. For me, the most interesting section of this course has been the past time. Due to this topic I have been able to write material on instinct, using rules of grammar learned long ago and forgotten.

One part of this topic that impressed me was to express actions or events that occurred regularly during a period in the past ( I mean the use of would + base form)

I just Knew the use of would+ base form in requests or preferences.


These were the examples that I couldn’t interpret:

* He would say he didn’t know
* They would ask her when she was going to work


Maybe I would have interpreted them in a different way ( thinking on request or preferences). But now I Know it has similar meaning to the use of Used to, but only when they express action.

Another examples:

* I would go out with my friends and stay out till all hours of the night.
* We would take a hike every morning


I like this course. It is concise and I feel that it adequately refreshes my grammar skills to jumpstart me into technical writing



Name student: Juan Carlos Pozo Quintanilla
A04F

UNIT 2: PAST TIME

For me this unit was important because I had problems when I tried to remember when you use this grammar in the correct way but now I know that you only need to practice very hard in order to not forget it also I understand that you can use the present perfect to connect the past and the present. Furthermore, I realize that you use the simple past when you know that past time and you use the present perfect when you dont' have idea when the events happened.

Examples:

• My father died on August 11, 1994. (Past Time - Definite)
• Luis created an organization to save money for the poors. (Past Time - General)
• I have lived in Rimac in a small house with my mother. (Present Perfect)
• I have worked in Topy Top as a secretary since I finished my studies at Cesca. (Connect the present and the past)

Other examples:

• I bought my own apartment in Jesus Maria a one year ago. (When you use the past time expression "ago" you don't use the present perfect)
• Rosario used to play "lingo" and "mata gente". (Habitual action that was true in the past)
• Every summer my family would travel to visit our relatives in Piura. (Events that ocurred regularly)
• By the time my English courses started, I had applied for a visa. (Two past events to show which of them happened first)

Suley Balvin - ADV 4

UNIT 6

The topic about modal to express degrees or certainty was very interesting, because I learned to use modals correctly, when I'm speculating. For example If you want to express speculations or possibilities (50%) about a past situation, you have to use may have/might have and could have + past participle .

Example:
Fact: I was waiting my friend and didn't come.

• She may have forgotten our meeting.
• She might have had an accident.
• She could have gotten lost and arrived when I left.

And also I learned that could have + past participle has two meanings.

Fact: My relatives came here for one week.

• A degree of certainty:
  I could have visited them. (when it's a possibility)
  
• When it's a missed oportunity:
  I could have visited them. (I didn't)

In the negative, use may not have /might not have + past participle

• He may / might not have had enough money to buy that present.

In question, use might have/ could have + past participle

• Might/could she have had enough money?

Saby Chachi-AO4F-Advance Grammar 1

UNIT 5 and UNIT 6 : MODALS

I realize that integrated skills approach help us to understand, and practice English Grammar. It allows us to gain condidence in our abilities to write accurately and very fluenty. It is important to know grammatical structures and use them correctly.

The Grammar in these units was one of the most startling for me. In these sections show the grammar structure with:

Perfect Modals that refer the future or past.

1. In an action completed before a moment of focus in the future.

Example 1:

My mom may have already gone to bed by the time, I get home tonight.

2. Most often refer to past time and mean:

a. that an action did not occur

b. we are not certain whether an action ocurred or not.

Example 2:

Vickie should have gotten my msg by now.

may

must

Should and Ought to mean:

1. an action is responsability or ethical obligation.

2. an action is advisable, a good idea.

Example 3:

Cristina should finish all her work soon.

Had better:

express advisability when we want to tell someone how to avoid an undesirable consequent.

Example 4:

Hellen had better take your umbrella. (if you don't, you'll get wet)

To develop more our abilities we should keep an "idea file" to increase our creativity and store ideas. Another idea could be to make outlines to understand the organization (reading, writing).

Finally, I am very sure that we will master Grammar course when we have understood grammatical structures in all contexts.

Ericka Cojoma

A04F

UNIT 1. PRESENT AND FUTURE TIME *

It's important to know how to use and combine statements and choose the appropriate time. The simple present can also be used to express future time in a sentence concerning events that are on a definite schedule.

Examples:

The church opens at eleven tomorrow morning.

Other examples in this unit:

My family spend time together on weekends.(habitual)
I'm studying English.(now)
My brother has been studying engineering since 2005.(He's still studying )
I've lived in Magdalena for two years.
I think I'll buy a big apartment.
My brothers and I are going to play in the same team.
I'm teaching English at Icpna next month.
The English class finishes at 10:00 p.m.
By the end of this month, I'll have learned to swim.

Jesús Calzado C.

Greetings!

Hello my dear advanced grammar students,

Please your project is very simple. Create a grammar article on any topic you found interesting in this course. You have till Thursday midnight to write about something interesting you learned in this course. Any grammar item with examples is fine.

1. Unit
2. Grammar item or explanation
3. Examples
4. Your name <--- Very Important !!!!!!

Your Friendly Teacher