Examples of verbs than can be used only with gerunds:

• Allison suggested going to the museum next weekend at afternoon.
• The children dislike doing tests at school.
• Carly missed calling her mom yesterday at night.
• Do you enjoy talking to new people?
• I enjoy working in a team.
• He denied lending his notebooks, because his partners are not responsable.
• Please avoid smoking in that classroom while you are in class.

Examples of verbs that can be used with infinitives and gerunds:

• Marie likes to chat with her boyfriend everyday.
• The teacher started making difficult questions to all the students.
• He can't stand to be alone.
• I hate listening alternative music.
• Marry loves to eat international food, however she doesn't know how to cook.
• Angie continues kissing John while their parents were looking.

Examples of verbs that can be used only with infinitives:

• Sam promised to win in the soccer match.
• Aracelli pretended to cheat on the final exam the week before.
• He needs to work in two different places, because his family has troubles and the money isn't enough.
• They hope to win in all of the contest at university.
• The school promised to help him find an apartment.
• The man offered to give a present to the teacher for her birthday.
  
• She refused to accept the proposal, she thinks that he isn't the right guy.

Examples of verbs that can be used with gerunds and infinitives but their meanings change:

• Sam stopped doing his homework. [he stopped that.]
• Sam stopped to do his homework. [he stopped what he was doing because he wanted to do his homework]
• I like drinking soda
• I would like to drink soda

Diana Carazas Valdez
A06

FOR YOU TEACHER I HOPE YOU CAN READ IT...

HI TEACHER YESTERDAY I FORGOT TO PUT MY NAME WHEN I SENT MY ARTICLE ABOUT DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH ....WELL I HOPE YOU CAN RECOGNIZE WHICH ONE IS OF MINE....BYE I`M GLADYS SANCHEZ

NOUN CLAUSES ,DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH.

We've learned about noun clauses and direct and indirect speech. Here we can find a little more information about that, and the relationship between noun clauses and direct - Indirect speech.


Reported Speech from from Questions

Wh- Questions
Changing Wh- Questions to Reported Speech


Wh- questions differ from questions beginning with auxiliary verb forms such as: is, are, am, do, does, has, have, can, will, must.
Instead, the pronouns who, where, what, why and how are used to embed (insert) the question clause into the main clauses.

wh-clauses
Changing Wh- questions to reported speech
who
where
what
why
how / how long / how much

Quoted (Direct speech) vs. Reported Questions(Indirect Speech)

- My friend said, "How are you?"
- My friend asked how I was.

Common Mistake
ERROR

The man asked what time is it.
She asked where are we going for lunch.

(These are common errors of native speakers as well)

FIX

The man asked what time it was.
She asked where we were going for lunch.

Yes-No Questions
Changing Questions to Reported Speech

Yes-No questions differ from WH-questions.
These quoted questions begin with auxiliary verb forms such as: is, are, am, do, does, has, have, can, will, must. They can be answered with "yes" or "no"; hence, they are often called "yes-no questions".
The pronoun whether or if is used to embed (insert) the question clause into the main clause.

Quoted vs. Reported Questions

- My friend said, "Are you coming?"
- My friend asked whether I was coming.

- My friend asked, "Do we have enough money for gas?"
- My friend asked whether we had enough money for gas.

Using if vs. whether

- My friend said, "Are you coming?"
My friend asked whether I was coming.


- Reported Speech from Commands
Commands
Changing commands to reported speech
should
infinitives

- The doctor said, Get some rest."
- The doctor said to get some rest. The doctor said (that) I should get some rest. The doctor told me to get some rest..

Common Mistake
ERROR
Jack shouted, "Let's go!" (Let us go.)*

Jack shouted to let's go

FIXES

Jack shouted at us to go. (less formal; less polite)

Jack shouted for us to go.

Jack shouted that we should go. (more formal)

infinitive-clauses
Changing infinitive phrases to noun clauses

Imposing Will on Others

Subjunctive Verbs
Subjunctive verbs can also be followed by infinitives. (Subjunctive verbs are used when one person imposes his/her will upon another. After "that", the base form of the verb is used.)

Changing Infinitive Phrases to that-clauses
INFINITIVE PHRASE
Verb is followed by an infinitive
- The judge ordered John to leave.

EMBEDDED COMMAND
Verb is followed by the base form of the verb. (no -s)
- The judge ordered that John leave.

The base form of the verb is used (no singular or plural agreement).

Other Verbs

advise, ask, urge, command, desire,order,request,require,suggest.

Common Mistake
ERROR
* I advised that John leaves.

FIX
I advised John to leave.

I advised that John leave. (Use base-form of the verb.)


Reported Speech from Statements
reported speech
Changing quoted statements to reported speech
Embedded in sentences:
present
past

- She said, "It's raining here."
- She said that it was raining there.


that-what phrases

Beginning sentences with "that' or 'what' phrases
that

"That" is a pronoun used to add a noun clause (dependent clause) to a sentence (an independent clause).

what
"What" takes the place of a noun clause. It refers to an event or activity that both the speaker and the listener know.

- That he was a good speaker was obvious to me.
- What he said was obvious to me.

Common Mistake
FIX
- "Change is coming!" "What he said that change is coming."
- What he said was that change is coming. (missing verb)

ADV.06

Jesús Crispín

JESSUCITO

Noun clauses (complex sentences)

In this month we 've learned about Noun clauses like definitions, types and a lot of examples. Mr. Jaramillo has explained that Noun Clauses is part of Complex sentences, and there are four types of sentences. However, I've found 4 types of sentences more, categorized by its functions. So, I'd like to share this information.

o Sentences are categorized in two ways: by structure and by purpose.

Types of Sentences by Structure

· Simple Sentence – “I love chocolate.” One independent clause (underlined).

· Compound Sentence - “I love chocolate, and I love eating chocolate.” Two or more independent clauses.

· Complex Sentence – “I love chocolate because it’s decadent.” One independent clause and one or more dependent clauses (italicized). Note: according to Wikipedia, a sentence like “The dog chewed up the shoes that I just bought” is a simple sentence, not a complex sentence, because the relative clause “that I just bought” simply modifies the noun without performing any other function. I’m not sure how accurate this is, however.

· Complex-Compound Sentence – “I love chocolate because it’s decadent, and I love eating chocolate because it’s delicious.” Two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.
Those four categories apply to normal, grammatical sentences. However, some of our most common expressions are sentences that don’t follow the rules — see Major and Minor Sentences.
Note: obsessive syntacticians (is there any other kind?) have also named more specific types of sentences, which I’ll address when I start learning about the finer points of writing style.

Types of Sentences by Purpose

· Declarative Sentence – “I love chocolate.” Used to make a simple statement. Most sentences are declarative.

· Interrogative Sentence – “Do you love chocolate?” Used to ask a question. See also Rhetorical Question.

· Exclamatory Sentence – “I need chocolate!” Used for emphasis and emotion.

· Imperative Sentence – “Please buy me some chocolate.” Used for commands, with the pronoun you always implied.

· Conditional Sentence – “If I had a billion dollars, I would buy a castle made of chocolate.” Used to express what one would do if a condition were met. There are several types of conditional sentences: the present general (or zero condition), the future more-vivid (or first condition), the future less-vivid (or second condition), the present contrafactual (also sometimes called the second condition), and the past contrafactual (or third condition).

Adv.6
JesúsCrispín
Jessucito

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH.....

Direct and indirect speech

In this unit we have learned that we can report speech in two ways:

- Direct speech (also called quoted speech because we use quotatio marks); is often introduced by a reporting verb such as asked, claimed, said, stated, told, and wondered.
Ex:

George asked, “when was the graduation party?”
Andrea said, “the reporter`s claim is reasonable”.

- Indirect speech (also called reported speech because reports what a speaker said in a noun clause or phrase introduced by a reporting verb).
Ex:

Carlos asked, if I`m coming for dinner.
Yhadira said (that) she would like to come to Peru for the summer.



The verbs say and tell are the most common reporting verbs (they have similar meanings but they are used differently). We usually use the simple past form of these verbs in both, direct and indirect speech.

NOTE:

Don`t use tell when the listener is not mentioned.

Ex:

Andrew said, “Mònica, we have to be ready for the interview”.
Andrew told Mònica they had to be ready for the interview.

Mary told them to clean the galley.
Mary said to clean the galley.



Use if or whether (or not), not that, to introduce an indirect yes/no question.
We often use whether (or not) to emphasize alternatives or different possibilities.

Ex:

Frank asked, “Do you think we`ll pass the course?”
Frank asked if/whether (or not) I thought we would pass the course.


If the reporting verb is in the simple past, the verb in the noun clause often changes:


Simple present simple past

Marta said, “I earned more money in my last job”.
Marta said (that) she earned more money in her last job.


Present progressive past progressive

Marta asked, “David, are you applying for a better job in the company?”
Marta asked David if he was applying for a better job in the company.


Simple past past perfect

“I lost all my belongings”, Carlos noted.
Marta noted (that) he had lost all his belongings.


Present perfect past perfect

“David, have you ever tried eating Mexican food?”, Maria asked.
Maria asked David if he had tried eating Mexican food.




Certain modals often change in indirect speech.

Can could

May might

Must had to

Will would

Ex:

“Paulo, can you bring me the apron?” Anita asked.
Anita asked if Paulo could bring her the apron.

“Andrea, may I help you?” Rodrigo asked.
Rodrigo asked Andrea if he might help her.

“I won´t pass the course if I don´t pay attention”, replied Manuel.
Manuel replied that he wouldn´t pass the course if he doesn´t pay attention




I hope this would be ok.....if not I would try to practice more for improve my knowledge...byee teacher

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

It is nice that each day we learn new things such as this topic.
we can report speech in two ways:
1.- Direct speech: It is also called (quotated speech) one thing that we can't forget about this topic is that is enclosed in quotations marks and is often introduced by some reporting verbs like: ASKED, CLAIMED, SAID, STATED, TOLD, WONDERED.
2.-Indirect speech: It is (also known as reported speech) the indirect speech is someone's report of the direct speech.In contrast to direct speech it is not enclosed by quotations marks and it doesn't contain the exact words of a speaker.

Watch out:
we have to take care the tense of the sentence.
look and learn

Simple present ______ simple past.
Present progressive _____ past progressive.
Simple past _____ Past perfect.
Past progressive ____ past perfect progressive.
Present perfect _____ past perfect.
Past perfect ______ past perfect .

Certain modals often change in indirect speech
Can ___ could
May ___ might
Will ___ would
Must __ had to

some modals such as : should or ought to not change in indirect speech

Here Iam going to set some examples :

1.-Antonio said,''I work hard everyday.'' (direct speeech)
He said that he worked hard everyday (indirect speech)
2.- Marya asked,''Octavio are you studying english?''
Maria asked octavio if he was studying english.
3.-''Foncho voted for TOLEDO ,'' Rigoberto said.
Bob said that Foncho had voted for Toledo.
4.-''Samuel, have you ever been in nigeria?'' Machucado asked.
Machucado asked Samuel if he had ever been in nigeria.
5.-''Antonella, can you call me at noon ?'' Octavious asked.
Octavious asked Antonella if she could call him at noon
6.- '' cindy, I will be thinking of you for the life time.'' Antonio said
Antonio said that he would be thinking of her for the life time.

THERE OTHER WORDS THAT CHANGE IN INDIRECT SPEECH.
TO KEEP THE SPEAKER'S MEANING,MAKE THE NECESSARY CHANGES AS WELL:

1.- This ___ that these ____ those
2.- Here __ there
3.- Now ___ then
4.- Ago ___ before or previously

WRITTEN BY OCTAVIO CHIRINOS AVG6

CONDITIONALS: OTHER WAYS TO EXPRESS UNREALITY
PRESENT AND FUTURE REAL CONDITIONALS

I think Conditional expressions are one of the most important components of programming languages because they enable a program to act differently each time it is executed.

This use is similiar to, and can usually be replaced by, a time clause using 'when':
EXAMPLES:

-When I am late, my father takes me to school.
-If I am late, my father takes me to school.
-She doesn't worry if Jack stays out after school.

Conditional 0 is formed by the use of the present simple in the if clause followed by a comma the present simple in the result clause.

If he comes to town, we have dinner.
OR
We have dinner if he comes to town.

Conditional 1

Often called the "real" conditional because it is used for real - or possible - situations.
EXAMPLES:

-If it rains, we will stay at home.
-He will arrive late unless he hurries up.
-Peter will buy a new car, if he gets his raise.

Conditional 2

Often called the "unreal" conditional because it is used for unreal - impossible or improbable - situations. This conditional provides an imaginary result for a given situation.
The verb 'to be', when used in the 2nd conditional, is always conjugated as 'were'.

EXAMPLES:

If he studied more, he would pass the exam.

I would lower taxes if I were the President.
They would buy a new house if they had more money.

Conditional 3

Often referred to as the "past" conditional because it concerns only past situations with hypothetical results. Used to express a hypothetical result to a past given situation.

EXAMPLES:

If he had known that, he would have decided differently.
Jane would have found a new job if she had stayed in Boston.

Conditional 3 is formed by the use of the past perfect in the if clause followed by a comma would have past participle in the result clause. You can also put the result clause first without using a comma between the clauses.

A06, Jose Pozo

FOCUS ADVERBS: PLACEMENT AND MEANING

As we will see, adverbs often tell when, where, why, or under what conditions something happens or happened. Adverbs frequently end in -ly; however, many words and phrases not ending in -ly serve an adverbial function and an -ly ending is not a guarantee that a word is an adverb. The words lovely, lonely, motherly, friendly, neighborly, for instance, are adjectives:

That lovely woman lives in a friendly neighborhood.

As a general principle, shorter adverbial phrases precede longer adverbial phrases, regardless of content. In the following sentence, an adverb of time precedes an adverb of frequency because it is shorter (and simpler):

Dad takes a brisk walk before breakfast every day of his life.

A second principle: among similar adverbial phrases of kind (manner, place, frequency, etc.), the more specific adverbial phrase comes first:

My grandmother was born in a sod house on the plains of northern Nebraska.
She promised to meet him for lunch next Tuesday.


focus adverb indicates that what is being communicated is limited to the part that is focused; a focus adverb will tend either to limit the sense of the sentence:
"He got an A just for attending the class."
or to act as an additive:
"He got an A in addition to being published.

Although negative constructions like the words "not" and "never" are usually found embedded within a verb string — "He has never been much help to his mother." — they are technically not part of the verb; they are, indeed, adverbs. However, a so-called negative adverb creates a negative meaning in a sentence without the use of the usual no/not/neither/nor/never constructions:
He seldom visits.
She hardly eats anything since the accident.
After her long and tedious lectures, rarely was anyone awake.


A06, Jose Pozo

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

We often have to give information about what people say or ask. In order to do this we use direct or indirect reported speech.

In direct Speech you use quotation marks. In Indirect Speech quotation marks are eliminated and the tessechange. For example:

Direct speech		Indirect speech
simple present He said, “I go to a party.”	›	simple past He said (that) he went to a party.
simple past He said, “I went to a party.”	›	past perfect He said (that) he had gone to a party
present perfect He said, “I have gone to a party.”	›	past perfect He said (that) he had gone to a party
present progressive He said, “I am going to a party.”	›	past progressive He said (that) he was going to a party
past progressive He said, “I was going to a party.”	›	perfect progressive He said (that) he had been going to a party
future (will) He said, “I will go to a party.”		would He said (that) he would go to a party.

Modal verb forms also sometimes change:

Direct speech

Direct speech		Indirect speech
will She said, "I'll read a book.”	›	would She said she would read a book.”
can She said, "I can read a book.”."	›	could She said she could read a book.”
must She said, "I must have a computer to read articles"	›	had to She said she had to have a computer to read articles"
shall She said, "What shall we read today?"	›	should She asked what we should read today.
may She said, "May I close the windows?"	›	might She asked if she might close the windows

Never change: could, would, should, might and ought to.

Expressions of time are reported different

this › that

today › yesterday ...

these › those

now › then

ago › before

last › before last / the previous

here › there

next› the following

tomorrow › the next/following

Examples:

“We came a year ago”, Peter said

Peter said (that) they had come one year before.

“Are you visiting tomorrow?” Peter asked.

Peter asked if we were visiting the next day.

Arnold asked, “Will you be here?

Arnold asked if would be there.

Carmen Alvarez

UNIT 13 THE PASSIVE

1. Passive sentences are formad with the verbs be (am, are, is , was,were, be, benn,being) or get (get,gets,got,gotten,gettin) plus a pas participle.

• The plane was refueled and took off for Mexico.
• A lot of crimes never get solved.

Only transitive verbs, those that take one or more objects, can be made passive

• No trace of Cooper has been found. (passive)

Intransitive verbs (verbs which do not take objects) cannot be made passive.

• The plane procceded to Mexico. (cannot be made a passive)

2. In writing and speaking, there are three instances in which the passive voice is recommended.

a. Whe we don't know or don't care who perfomed the action

• Then the plane was refueled and took off for Mexico.

b. When we want to avoid mentioning who performed the action.

• Have knowledgeable people been prevented from discussing the case?

c. When we want to focus on the receiver instead of the performer of the action

• Miguel had to have benn killed by the conbination fo the weather coditions and the impact of his fall.

3. Most commonly, the direct object in an active sentence becomes the subject in a passive sentence.

• Miguel hijacked the plane.(active)
• The plane was hijacked by Miguel.(passive)

However, it si common for a indirect object to be hte subject of a passive sentence.

• Miguel handed a note to the attendeant.
• The attendant was handed a note by Miguel.

4. The passive with get is mor informal than the passive with be. It si conversational and is charateristic of informal writing.

• If Pedro survived, will he ever get caught?

The get-passive sometimes is used to emphasize action and to focus on what happens to someone or something

• Did Torres get killed when he jumped from the plane?

5. Get and have are used to form the passive acusative. Use the passive causative to talk about services that people arrrage for someoneelse to do.

• Perhaps Torres got his hair dyed befor the hijacking to disguise himself.

Saby Chachi

AO6

DIRECH SPEECH

We often have to give information about what people say or think. In order to do this you can use direct or quoted speech, or indirect or reported speech.
Direct Speech / Quoted Speech
Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech)
Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.
For example:
She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."
or
"Today's lesson is on presentations," she said.

Indirect Speech / Reported Speech
Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word.
When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.
For example:
Direct speech
Indirect speech
"I'm going to the cinema", he said.
He said he was going to the cinema.

ROSA LEON
A06

DIRECH SPEECH

We often have to give information about what people say or think. In order to do this you can use direct or quoted speech, or indirect or reported speech.
Direct Speech / Quoted Speech
Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech)
Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.
For example:
She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."
or
"Today's lesson is on presentations," she said.

Indirect Speech / Reported Speech
Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word.
When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.
For example:
Direct speech
Indirect speech
"I'm going to the cinema", he said.
He said he was going to the cinema.

ROSA LEON
A06

Indirect Speech

Indirect speech

Present simple: She said, "It's cold."
Change to Past simple: She said it was cold.

Present continuous: She said, "I'm teaching English online."
Change to Past continuous: She said she was teaching English online.

Present perfect simple: She said, "I've been on the web since 1999."
Change to Past perfect simple: She said she had been on the web since 1999.

Present perfect continuous: She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years."
Change to Past perfect continuous: She said she had been teaching English for seven years.

Past simple: She said, "I taught online yesterday."
Change to Past perfect: She said she had taught online yesterday.

Past continuous: She said, "I was teaching earlier."
Change to Past perfect continuous: She said she had been teaching earlier.

Past perfect: She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived."
NO CHANGE Past perfect: - She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.

Past perfect continuous: She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes."
NO CHANGE Perfect continuous: - She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.

Modal verb forms also sometimes change:

Will: She said, "I'll teach English tomorrow."
Change to Would: She said she would teach English tomorrow.

Can: She said, "I can teach English."
Change to Could: She said she could teach English.

Must: She said, "I must have a computer to teach English."
Change to Had to: She said she had to have a computer to teach English.

Shall: She said, "What shall we learn today?"
Change to Should: She asked what we should learn today.

May: She said, "May I open a new blogspot?"
Change to Might: She asked if she might open a new blogspot.

Note - There is no change to; could, would, should, might and ought to.


Expressions of time also change:

this (evening) ---- that (evening)
today ---- yesterday
these (days) ---- those (days)
now ----then
(a week) ago ---- (a week) before
last weekend ---- the weekend before last / the previous weekend
here ---- there
next (week) ---- the following (week)
tomorrow ---- the next/following day


a gift from Julio-C. ADV6

UNIT 23-24

IF I HADN´T BEEN BORN

Because i´m the person who take care of them , my parents would have been alone if i hadn´t been born .

I have a sister , but she is not the kind of person who wants a home . I think if i hadn´t been born, she would been happier .

Maybe she is so jealous , and that´s the reason ehy we always fight each other ,and i rfeaaly wish this situacion finished, and also i wish she love me as much i love him i love her .

Well another person who will be das is my little cousin MIGUEL AUGUSTO .

He wouldn´t have had no body to help him with things for example his homework if i hadn´t been born . because his mon is always at work , i help him a lot .

I wish she had more time for . I do think he needs his mon not just his cousin .

I HOPE YOU LIKE IT .

GISELA RUIZ ORTIZ

GErUnDs

1. I feel like eating a delicious large burrito.
2. Kathia imagines taking a vacation with her husband.
3. Shirley and Vanessa go shopping every weekend.

4. I interested in finishing my homework this evening.
5. Carla is afraid of getting lost in a lonely place.
6. Mike's blinding date is great!
7. Doing what I dare is something I used to.
8. Having finished the quiz I felt better.

Brenda Bendezu Quintanilla Adv6

PrEsEnT AnD fUtUrE TimE

As we know we use the simple present to show actions, events or states that happen habitually or when are talking about an event that is true in general, especially in scientific events.
Examples:
1. John studies at ICPNA every weekday.(habitually)
2. Temperature in Lima is about 21°F(l true in general)
Also when we want to express an action that is in progress we use present progressive, present perfect or present perfect progressive.
For Example:
1. Marcia is thinking about you. (There is something that didn’t finish yet).
2. Nelly has traveled to Italy three times because of her job. (a completed action with a connection to the present)
3. Vanessa has working in Arequipa. (temporary)
In some cases when we want to talk about future actions we can use:
1. I‘ll still love you darling! Even tough we won’t be together (uncertain situation).
2. Teresa is going to travel to Máncora for her vacation. (something that is planned or already developing)
3. John arrives to the airport about 2am (It refers to the future)
But in some cases the present progressive can express a future action that has already arranged.
1. Jhosselyn and Alejandro are traveling to Rome the next month for their honeymoon.

UNIT 21: NOUN CLAUSES

Noun clauses

can do anything that nouns can do.

"What he knows [subject] is no concern of mine." or

"Do you know what he knows [object]?" or

"What can you tell me about what he has done this year [object of the preposition "about"]?"

Noun Clause as Subject
What they did with the treasure remains a mystery.
Whatever you want for dessert is fine with me.
That you should feel this way about her came as a great surprise to us.

Noun Clause as Object
Carlos finally revealed what he had done with the money.
His wife spent whatever he had saved over the years.
I don't know what I should do next.

Noun Clause as Object of Preposition
In fact, he wrote a book about what he had done over the years.

We are interested in what he does for a living.

Noun Clause as Predicate Nominative
The trouble was that they had never been there before.

The biggest disappointment of last season was that the women's team didn't make it to the final four.

Ericka Cojoma

A06F

SUBJUNCTIVES EXAMPLES

Using Subjunctive in Noun Clauses

Well I'm going to write some examples about this issue because I think It's not difficult to understand but is easier to get confuse. I would like to write a little definition about it, and I'll try to be the most understanding as I can.

We know that a noun clause can begin with:

1._ A question word:
- Where He lives
- Who the man is

2._ Whether or If:
- Whether She will stay
- If She will stay

3._ That:
- That He is inocent
- That She knows three languages

Also We have subjunctive clauses; A subjunctive verb is the simple form of a verb. Sentences with subjunctive verbs generally stress importance or urgency.

Example:
1. I suggest (that) He see a doctor.

Negative Form: not + simple form of the verb
2. I recommend (that) She not go to the movie.

Passive Form: simple form of BE + Past Participle
3. It is essential (that) children be told the truth.

When the main verb of the sentence is in past form, the verb in the noun clause is also in past form.
4. I suggsted (that) He saw a doctor.

Common verbs and expressions followed by the subjunctive in a noun clause:

advice, ask, demand, insist,
propose, recommend, request, + THAT + NOUN CLAUSE
suggest

essential, imperative,
important, critical, necessary, ITs + THAT + NOUN CLAUSE
vital


VICTOR GUZMAN MORI ... ADV 06

Adverbs (unit 17)

ADVERBS
Adverbs are words that modify a verb, an adjetive, another adverb. Adverbs often tell when, where, why, or under what conditions something happens or happened.
Kinds of adverbs
* Adverbs of Manner
She moved slowly and spoke quietly.

* Adverbs of Place
She has lived on the island all her life.
She still lives there now.

* Adverbs of Frequency
She takes the boat to the mainland every day.
She often goes by herself.

* Adverbs of Time
She tries to get back before dark.
It's starting to get dark now.
She finished her tea first.
She left early.

* Adverbs of Purpose
She drives her boat slowly to avoid hitting the rocks.

Adverbs often function as intensifiers and emphasis to something. Intensifiers are said to have three different functions: they can emphasize, amplify, or downtone. Here are some examples:
· Emphasizers:
o I really don't believe him.
· Amplifiers:
o I absolutely refuse to attend any more faculty meetings.
· Downtoners:
o His mother mildly disapproved his actions.
Positions of adverbs
One of the hallmarks of adverbs is their ability to move around in a sentence: beginning, middle and end. Adverbs of manner are particularly flexible in this regard..
The following adverbs of frequency appear in various points in these sentences:
· Before the main verb: I never get up before nine o'clock.
· Between the auxiliary verb and the main verb: I have rarely written to my brother without a good reason.
· Before the verb used to: I always used to see him at his summer home.

JUDITH CHAMBI - A06F -
first report

infinitives and gerunds

Infinitives and gerunds

Some verbs can be followed only by infinitives, others only by gerunds, and others by either infinitives or gerunds.

examples of verbs and verbs phrases followed only by infinitives: appear ,decide , expect , hope , manage , need , pretend, seem, want, would like.

Examples:
I would like to play soccer every day

She hopes to go back at home soon

He decides to change his job for another one


examples of verbs and verbs phrases followed only by gerund: avoid,
be worth, cant help, consider, enjoy, feel like, have trouble, keep, mind, miss, spend (time).

Examples:

I feel like singing in a pop group

She enjoys playing pool with her friends

They have trouble eating fish in bad conditions


examples of verbs followed by infinitives or gerunds with no change in
meaning : begin, cant, stand, continue, hate, like, love, prefer, start.

Examples:

They began to encourage her

They began encouraging her


She hates to eat alone

She hates eating alone

d. examples of verbs followed by infinitives or gerunds with a
significant change in meaning: forget, go on, quit, regret, remember,
stop, try.

examples:

I regret telling him the secret (I wish I hadn't told him the
secret)
I regret to tell you that I just ran over your dog! (I'm very sorry but
i just killed your dog with my car)

The window-cleaners stopped to smoke.(They stopped cleaning the windows in order to have a cigarette.


the window-cleaners stopped smoking.(they dont smoke anymore)

I remember giving him the key (I remember having given him the key).

i remember to give him the key (i remembered to give him the key and i gave it).



jorge porras morales

negative adverbs

negative adverbs

include hardly, in no way (informal no way),little,neither,never,not only,only,rarely,and seldom.when negative adverbs come at the beginning of a sentence,they force inversion. in sentences or clauses beginning with a negative adverb, put the verb or auxiliary before the subject to emphasize the meaning.

a. if the verb is in the simple present or the simple past (except for the verb be),use do, does,or did after an initial negative adverb.

examples:

Only then did I understand the problem.

Only after understanding the situation does the teacher make a comment.

Little have I read concerning nanotechnology.


b. if the verb is in perfect form, place the auxiliary before the subject

examples:

Never have I been more insulted!

Seldom has he seen anything stranger.


Scarcely had I got out of bed when the doorbell rang.




JORGE PORRAS MORALES

EXAMPLES ADVERB CLAUSES

1.-Do not go when you father comes to this town.
2.-Although he was poor, he became distinguished and studied in the most important collegue our country.
3.-I should punish you because you have committed this.
4.-As I worked hard this year, I require to take a long vacation.
5.-My mother was cooking a dinner while I was studying for the last exam in the university.
6.-When the phone rang, I got up and went to the kitchen and there was a cat there.
7.-After I had got the money, I planned to study abroad.





Jesus Calzado :) ADV06

NOUN CLAUSES

Noun clause is a clause which the work of a noun in a sentence. It is a group of words containing a subject and a verb.

There are three types of noun clauses. These types are:
1.- Noun clauses that start with a question word: where, how, who, when, why, etc.
Examples:
How the baby fell down from the window is a mystery.
They asked the girl why she had hit her friend.
I don’t know where Claudia is.
Carmen didn’t listen what Karen said.


2.- Noun clauses that start with if or whether (or not)
Examples:
The question is whether the girl will try the big ball.
Susan wonders if Carlos knows how to cook.
I don't know whether my teacher will take a quiz the noun clauses tomorrow.
She asked if he was sick.
Whether Mary won or lost is not important.


3.- Noun clauses that start with that.
Examples:
The problem was that he lost the paper.
He told me that he bought a car.
Jorge’s friends didn’t know that Pedro couldn’t swim.
I´m interested that Global warning won´t affect to the futures generations.


JUDITH CHAMBI - A06F -
second report

UNIT 23

CONDITIONALS

Something that impressed me was the use of real and unreal conditionals. Here I found a type called mixed conditional which is a mix of the second and third conditional. The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something else. The two most common conditionals are real and unreal, they are sometimes called if-clauses. The real conditional describes situations based on fact. The unreal conditional describes unreal or imaginary situations.

Zero Conditional:

We use the so-called zero conditional when the result of the condition is always true, like a scientific fact.


IF CLAUSE RESULT
present simple present simple

if you heat ice, it melts
if I get up late, I miss the bus
if people don't eat, they get hungry


First Conditional: real possibility

We are talking about the future. We are thinking about a particular condition or situation in the future, and the result of this condition. There is a real possibility that this condition will happen.


IF CLAUSE RESULT
present simple will + base verb

If I study, I will pass the exams.
If you see John tonight, tell him to e-mail me.
If Ben gets up early, he can catch the bus.
If I see Mary, I will tell her.
If they do not pass their exam, their teacher will be sad.


Second Conditional: unreal possibility

The second conditional is like the first conditional. We are still thinking about the future. We are thinking about a particular condition in the future, and the result of this condition. But there is not a real possibility that this condition will happen.

IF CLAUSE RESULT

past simple would + base verb

If I studied, I would pass the exams.
If I studied, I could pass the exams.
If I studied, I might pass the exams.
If I married Mary, I would be happy.
If Ram became rich, She would marry him.

The if-clause can be at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.

RESULT IF CLAUSE
I would pass the exams if I studied
I would be happy if I married Mary.
She would marry Ram if he became rich.

Third Conditional: no possibility

The first conditional and second conditionals talk about the future. With the third conditional we talk about the past. We talk about a condition in the past that did not happen. That is why there is no possibility for this condition. The third conditional is also like a dream, but with no possibility of the dream coming true.

IF CLAUSE RESULT

past perfect would have + past participle

If I had seen Mary, I would have told her.
If Tara had been free yesterday, I would have invited her.
If they had not passed their exam, their teacher would have been sad.

The if-clause can be at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.

RESULT IF CLAUSE

I would have told Mary if I had seen her.
I would have invited Tara if she had been free yesterday.
Their teacher would have been sad if they had not passed their exam.


Mixed conditionals

Sometimes conditional sentences are mixed, which means that the time in the "if" clause is not the same as the time in the main clause. The following types of mixed conditionals are possible:

Past/present - present/past

If you hadn't taken so long getting ready, we'd be there by now.
If we liked shellfish, we would have eaten the lobster.

Past/future - future/past

If I had saved a bit harder, I'd be going to Jamaica with them next week.
If I didn't have to work this evening, I would have gone with them to the game.

Future/present - present/future

If he didn't have to study tomorrow, he wouldn't be depressed.
If she didn't like travelling, she wouldn't be going to the Amazon next weekend.


STUDENT NAME: JUAN CARLOS POZO QUINTANILLA
COURSE: AOF06

unit 15

MY WRITTING A07


HI I´M GISELA RUIZ AND IN THIS CASE I´M GOING TO TELL YOU SOMETHING ABOUT THE GERUNDS (UNIT 15) , WELL AN EASY WAY TO INTRODUCE THIS LEASON ,IS BY DISCRIBING WHAT IS A GERUND ? AND ITS USE ,THE ANSWER IS THAT A GERUND AND ALSO AN INFINITIVE ARE USED TO PERFORM THE ROLE OF NOUNS IN SENTENCES (ACTIVITIES,THINGS OR PEOPLE) .
VERBS LIKE (LOVE,ENJOY AND LIKE) USUALLY DESCRIBE A MENTAL PROCESSES OR VERBS OF PERCEPTION , YOU CAN USE ANY VERBS (ENJOY,DISLIKE, DON´T MIND) BUT FIRST , YOU SHOULD BE CAREFUL BECAUSE SOME VERBS ARE ALWAYS FOLLOWED BY A GERUND , WHEREAS LIKE (LOVE, HATE AND CAN´T STAND) CAN BE FOLLOWED BY A GERUND OR INFINITIVE
IN ENGLISH VERBS AND VERBS PHRASES HAVE SOMETIME GERUNDS AS OBJECTS FOR EXAMPLE YOU CAN USE (AVOID, CONSIDER, ENJOY,KEPP,MIND,ETC)

EXAMPLES :

· I ENJOY SINGING WHILE I´M CLEANING MY BEDROOM
· MY DOCTOR SUGGESTED ME THAT I SHOULD AVOID DRINKING COFFE

NOUN CLAUSES

A. Noun clauses perform the same functions in sentences that nouns do:
A noun clause can be a subject of a verb:
What Billy did shocked his friends.
A noun clause can be an object of a verb:
Billy’s friends didn’t know that he couldn’t swim.
A noun clause can be a subject complement:
Billy’s mistake was that he refused to take lessons.
A noun clause can be an object of a preposition:
Mary is not responsible for what Billy did.
A noun clause (but not a noun) can be an adjective complement:
Everybody is sad that Billy drowned.
B. You can combine two independent clauses by changing one to a noun clause and using it in one of the ways listed above. The choice of the noun clause marker (see below) depends on the type of clause you are changing to a noun clause:
To change a statement to a noun clause use that:
I know + Billy made a mistake =
I know that Billy made a mistake.
To change a yes/no question to a noun clause, use if or whether:
George wonders + Does Fred know how to cook? =
George wonders if Fred knows how to cook.
To change a wh-question to a noun clause, use the wh-word:
I don’t know + Where is George? =
I don’t know where George is.
C. The subordinators in noun clauses are called noun clause markers. Here is a list of the noun clause markers:
that
if, whether
Wh-words: how, what, when, where, which, who, whom, whose, why
Wh-ever words: however, whatever, whenever, wherever, whichever, whoever, whomever
D. Except for that, noun clause markers cannot be omitted. Only that can be omitted, but it can be omitted only if it is not the first word in a sentence:
correct:
Billy’s friends didn’t know that he couldn’t swim.
correct:
Billy’s friends didn’t know he couldn’t swim.
correct:
Billy’s mistake was that he refused to take lessons.
correct:
Billy’s mistake was he refused to take lessons.
correct:
That Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone.
not correct:
* Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone.

Rosa Leon
ao6

PRESENT AND FUTURE TIME
As we know we use the simple present to show actions, events or states that happen habitually or when are talking about an event that is true in general, especially in scientific events.
Examples:
1. John studies at ICPNA every weekday. (habitually)
2. Temperature in Lima is about 21°F(l true in general)

Also when we want to express an action that is in progress we use present progressive, present perfect or present perfect progressive.
For Example:
1. Marcia is thinking about you. (There is something that didn’t finish yet).
2. Nelly has traveled to Italy three times because of her job. (a completed action with a connection to the present)
3. Vanessa has working in Arequipa. (temporary)

In some cases when we want to talk about future actions we can use:
1. I‘ll still love you darling! Even tough we won’t be together (uncertain situation).
2. Teresa is going to travel to Máncora for her vacation. (something that is planned or already developing)
3. John arrives to the airport about 2am (It refers to the future)

But in some cases the present progressive can express a future action that has already arranged.
1. Jhosselyn and Alejandro are traveling to Rome the next month for their honeymoon.


Brenda Bendezú Quintanilla Adv6

UNIT 18 Adverb Clauses

-Adverb Clauses-

Usually in a complex sentence if the dependent clause is at beginning it is followed by a comma, but there is a exception; for example, for dependent clauses with adverb of contrast, it kind of clause always you have to use comma, if the clause is at the beginning or at the end.

Example:

The won the game, thoug they didn't really deserve the victory.
Thoug they didn't really deserve the victory, the won the game.

Although their team is talented, they just didn't win.
They just didn't win, although their team is talented.

Ivan Arturo, Apaza Barrantes .... Advance-06

Adverbs (Part VII)

Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. (You can recognize adverbs easily because many of them are formed by adding -ly to an adjective, though that is not always the case.) The most common question that adverbs answer is how.
Let's look at verbs first.

"She sang beautifully." Beautifully is an adverb that modifies sang. It tells us how she sang.
"The cellist played carelessly." Carelessly is an adverb that modifies played. It tells us how the cellist played.

Adverbs also modify adjectives and other adverbs.
"That woman is extremely nice." Nice is an adjective that modifies the noun woman. Extremely is an adverb that modifies nice; it tells us how nice she is. How nice is she? She's extremely nice.
"It was a terribly hot afternoon." Hot is an adjective that modifies the noun afternoon. Terribly is an adverb that modifies the adjective hot. How hot is it? Terribly hot.
So, generally speaking, adverbs answer the question how. (They can also answer the questions when, where, and why.)

Some other rules:
Most of the time, adjectives come before nouns. However, they come after the nouns they modify, most often when the verb is a form of the following:

be
feel
taste
smell
sound
look
appear
seem

Some examples:
"The dog is black." Black is an adjective that modifies the noun dog, but it comes after the verb. (Remember that "is" is a form of the verb "be.")
"Brian seems sad." Sad is an adjective that modifies the noun Brian.
"The milk smells rotten." Rotten is an adjective that modifies the noun milk.
"The speaker sounds hoarse." Hoarse is an adjective that modifies the noun speaker.

Using adjectives and adverbs

Adjective Adverb Example

beautiful Ann is beautiful.
------------------------------------------------
beautifully Ann sings beautifully.
------------------------------------------------
warm The room is warm.
------------------------------------------------
warmly Joe smiles warmly.
------------------------------------------------
slow The car is slow.
------------------------------------------------
slowly Ann drives slowly.


Julio-C. Chirinos

ADVERB CLAUSES (7)

UNIT 18 ADVERBS CLAUSES

The use of adverbs clauses it's very important becuase many speakers and writers use these to combine thoughts and show connections between ideas. They also use them to vary their writing style. In our book in the pages 312-313 only we can find 5 types of adverbs clauses. Here we can find more information about that.

Following are seven important types of adverbs clauses, listed with the subordinating conjunctions and expressions that can introduce each type of clause.

1. Adverb clauses of reason: introduced by because, since, on account of the fact that, as, now that, etc. These clauses answer the question”why?”

Example:

Some teenagers from ICPNA get into crime on account of the fact that they don’t have enough to do.

2. Adverb clauses of contrast: Introduced by although, though, even though, while, in spite of the fact that, whereas, etc. These clauses present a contrast with the idea expressed in the independent clause.

Example:

In spite of the fact that there have been any protests, there is still a lot of violence on TV.

3. Adverb clause of condition: introduced by if, only if, even if, unless, in case, provided (that). These clauses answer the question “under what condition?”


Example:

If children watch too much TV, they may lose the ability to distinguish fantasy from reality.

4. Adverb clauses of time: introduced by when, whenever, before, after, as, as soon as, while, since, until, etc. These clauses answer the question “when?”

Example:

When we reduce the amount of TV violence, we will begin to see a decline in violent crime.

5. Adverb clauses of place: introduced by where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere, etc. These clauses answer the question “where?”

Example:

Wherever there are gangs, there is violence.

6. Adverb clauses of comparison: introduced by than, as much as, as many as, etc. These clauses make comparisons of quantity.

Example:

There is far more gang activity today than there was even ten years ago.

7. Adverb clauses of result: introduced by so (that) or containing the expressions so + adjective + that or such+ noun phrase + that. These clauses present the result of a situation stated in the independent clause.

Example:

Crime is increasing so fast that we will have to build more prisons to hold the criminals.

NOTE 1:

Except for clauses of comparison and result, most adverbs clauses can come either before or after the independent clause. When the adverb clause comes first, we place comma after it. When the adverb clause comes second, we generally do not place a comma before it.

 Because there is so much violence on TV, many people want more government control of programming.

 Many people want more government control of programming because there is so much violence on TV.

We place a comma before a dependent clause, however, if the dependent clause sets up a contrast.

 We can deal the problem of violence, though it won’t be easy.

NOTE 2:

Unlike the other adverb clauses, adverb clause of comparison and result cannot normally be moved. This is because their meaning is linked to or dependent on a particular element in the independent clause.


 Today there are probably as many violent crimes committed in a month
(as there used to be in a year.)

J. CRISPÍN (Jessucito)
ADV 06