Unit 11: Adjective Clauses: Review and Expansion

One of the most interesting part of this section of grammar is know when you can omit the relative pronoun and when you cannt, for example when the relative pronoun refer to a subject, never and ever ever you can omit it because it refer to a subject, but if the relative pronoun is in the complement then is possible to omit or replaced by that ( except if the relative pronoun is in a nonidentifying clauses).. so all this is posible just in a identifying adjective clauses for nonidentifying is imposible to do it because is a nonidentifying clause.

Examples:

-Harriet is a woman whom I respect. ( whom can be replaced by that or omited, because is "whom I respect" is a identifying clause)

-Harvey, whose house we0re renting, is a lawyer. ( whose cannt be omitted because is a nonidentifiying clause )



Ivan Arturo, Apaza B.

A05

Unit 9: Quantifiers

The quantifiers state the number or amount of something. Quantifiers can be single words or phrases and are used with both nouns and pronouns.

Examples:

-Most of us will repeat the course if we don`t pay attention.
-There's some money in my account.
-They have little money to organize the party.

Quantifiers are used with different type of nouns:
singular: one, each, every, etc
plural: two, both, a couple of, a dozen, several, few, a few, many, a great many, etc
non-cont nouns: a little, little, much, a great deal of, a great amount of, etc
plural count nouns and non-count nouns: no, any, some, enough, a lot of/lots of, plenty of, most, all, etc.

Examples:

-My brother has no plans for weekend.
-Wu took no cash for the trip.
-Scientists were able to solve the biology problems.


Use many with count nouns and much with non-count nouns.

Examples:

-He doesn't have many friends.
-I had too much trouble getting my DNI.
-The government has made many constructions in the city.
-There's too much noise pollution .



Gladys Sanchez A05F

Unit 11: Adjective Clauses: Review and Expansion

This unit Is neccesary when you want to write a report or tell a history because you emphazise the context.

Adjectives clauses Here, the entire clause takes on the function of an adjective, usually modifying a noun or pronoun, the antecedent
An adjective clause is used to describe a noun:
Example:
The house, which was blue, belonged to San Martin.
A relative pronoun is usually used to introduce an adjective clause:
Example:

Young-Hee, who was Venezuelan, lived in Lima .
Adjectives clauses are normally introduced by a relative pronoun such as which/that (things); who/that/whom (people); whose (to indicate possession); where (place) or when (time).
Examples:
I'm looking for a secretary who speaks Spanish.

There's a restaurant that serves Mexican dishes.

I'm going to a store where they know a lot about those things.

An identifying relative clause gives necessary information and is essential to the meaning of the main sentence. The relative pronouns can be omitted when they are the object of the relative clause. The relative clause is not put in commas.

Example
The movie that I watched yesterday was exciting.
Note. Never put commas before THAT

A non-identifying clause gives extra information and is not essential to the meaning of the main sentence. In non-identifying relative clauses, the relative pronouns cannot be omitted and cannot be replaced by that. The relative clause is put in commas.

My sister, who is a good doctor, studied medicine.




Carmen Alvarez Ch.

UNIT 10: MODIFICATION OF NOUNS

A noun is a word that represents a person, a place, or thing. A thing in this definition can be a physical entity or it can be an abstract idea. A noun may be used as:

Subject:

Blackhawk was a famous American Indian.

If it were Friday, John would be here.

Blackhawk is the name of a person. A noun that represents the name of a person or a specific place is a proper noun. Some other nouns are also proper nouns, e.g., August, Easter.

Direct Object:

Ms. Cervantes cleaned the house.

The authorities commended Robert.

Identify a direct object by asking what or whom.

In the first sentence Ms. Cervantes cleaned what? answer: house. House is the direct object of the verb cleaned.

second sentence. The authorities commended whom? answer: Robert. Robert is the direct object of the verb commended.

Indirect Object:

I sent Cinthya the MP4.

Ronald bought the dog a kennel.

Identify an indirect object by asking to what, for what, or to whom, for whom.

Object of a preposition:

He pulled the little blue wagon to the store.

From her perspective, the meeting was a success.

Predicate noun:

An intransitive verb cannot accept an object. A noun that follows an intransitive verb and completes the meaning of a sentence is called a complement. The word complement means to complete. A sentence has a subject and a predicate. Predicate is a generic term that includes those parts of the sentence that explain the subject of the sentence. The noun that follows an intransitive verb and completes the predicate may also be called a predicate noun or predicate nominative.

A predicate noun is an alternative word for the subject of the sentence.

Mr. Chang is a violinist.

Ms. Valera will be governor.

Appositive noun:

Appositive means near, and it is a noun or pronoun placed near another noun or pronoun. The appositive enhances our understanding of the original noun or pronoun.

My sister, Vickie, is in town for the family reunion.

Miguel, the valedictorian, will deliver the commencement oration.

Possessive Modifier:

A noun can be used to modify another noun. A noun can function as an adjective or adverb. A noun can also convey a sense of possession.

The town's water supply is in jeopardy.

Functioning as an Adjective:

The water pump is broken.

The word water is a noun, but in this application it functions as an adjective that describes the kind of pump.

Functioning as an Adverb:

I walked home.

The word home is a noun, but in this application it functions as an adverb that defines where I walked.

Ericka Cojoma

A05F

Unit 10: Modification of Nouns

Last week I found something interesting in Unit 10 Modification of Nouns, where I could learn a little more about Compound modifiers, now I know that Compound modifiers are constructed from more than one word.


a. number + noun

• My 19 year-old friend applied for a job with the local newspaper.

b. noun+ present participle

• Titanic is a award-winning movie

c. noun+past participle

• The shelves were buckling under the weight of dust-covered books.

d. adjective+past participle

• Are you ready for a fun-filled day?

We must not forget that when we use compound modifiers the plural nouns become singular when they come before the noun.

• I could read a 200-pages book in only 4 days. (false)

• I could read a 200-page book in only 4 days. (correct)

Saby Chachi

A05F

Unit 9: Quantifiers

Something that is interesting about quantifiers is the use of a few/few with count nouns and a little/little with non-count nouns.

There is an important difference between "a little" and "little"and between "a few" and "few". If I say that Mary has a little experience in management that means that although Mary is no great expert she does have some experience and that experience might well be enough for our purposes. If I say that Mary has little experience in management that means that she doesn't have enough experience. If I say that Charlie owns a few books on Latin American literature that means that he has some some books — not a lot of books, but probably enough for our purposes. If I say that Charlie owns few books on Latin American literature, that means he doesn't have enough for our purposes and we'd better go to the library.

Another examples:


Few
We know few people in the area. (I would like to get to know more.)

A few
We know a few people in the area. (I know enough people to keep me happy.)

Little
I know little English. (I am going to have a problem getting around England.)

A little
I know a little English. (at least enough to get England.)


Student Name: JUAN CARLOS POZO QUINTANILLA

A05F

UNIT 9: QUANTIFIERS

Quantifiers with Non-Count Nouns

LITTLE / A LITTLE

• (a) little + non-count noun

(a) little time

• a little: some but not much.

Helen didn't eat anything, but she drank a little water.

• little: nearly no... or nearly nothing.

There was little food in the refrigerator. It was nearly empty.

• very little

She is very thin because she eats very little.

• a little: + idea

They have a little money, so they are not poor.

• little: - idea

They have little money. They are very poor.

MUCH

• much + non count noun

much coffee

• much: ? / -

Do you drink much coffee? / a lot of coffee?

I don't drink much coffee / a lot of coffee, but I drink a lot of coffee. ( not "much coffee").

* Sometimes much or a lot mean often.

Do you watch TV much? No, not much ( not often)

I don't like to stay home, so I go out a lot.

A GREAT DEAL OF

• A great deal of = a lot of or lots

A great deal of current information is available on the internet.

Ericka Cojoma

Ao5F