Examples of verbs than can be used only with gerunds:

• Allison suggested going to the museum next weekend at afternoon.
• The children dislike doing tests at school.
• Carly missed calling her mom yesterday at night.
• Do you enjoy talking to new people?
• I enjoy working in a team.
• He denied lending his notebooks, because his partners are not responsable.
• Please avoid smoking in that classroom while you are in class.

Examples of verbs that can be used with infinitives and gerunds:

• Marie likes to chat with her boyfriend everyday.
• The teacher started making difficult questions to all the students.
• He can't stand to be alone.
• I hate listening alternative music.
• Marry loves to eat international food, however she doesn't know how to cook.
• Angie continues kissing John while their parents were looking.

Examples of verbs that can be used only with infinitives:

• Sam promised to win in the soccer match.
• Aracelli pretended to cheat on the final exam the week before.
• He needs to work in two different places, because his family has troubles and the money isn't enough.
• They hope to win in all of the contest at university.
• The school promised to help him find an apartment.
• The man offered to give a present to the teacher for her birthday.
  
• She refused to accept the proposal, she thinks that he isn't the right guy.

Examples of verbs that can be used with gerunds and infinitives but their meanings change:

• Sam stopped doing his homework. [he stopped that.]
• Sam stopped to do his homework. [he stopped what he was doing because he wanted to do his homework]
• I like drinking soda
• I would like to drink soda

Diana Carazas Valdez
A06

FOR YOU TEACHER I HOPE YOU CAN READ IT...

HI TEACHER YESTERDAY I FORGOT TO PUT MY NAME WHEN I SENT MY ARTICLE ABOUT DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH ....WELL I HOPE YOU CAN RECOGNIZE WHICH ONE IS OF MINE....BYE I`M GLADYS SANCHEZ

NOUN CLAUSES ,DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH.

We've learned about noun clauses and direct and indirect speech. Here we can find a little more information about that, and the relationship between noun clauses and direct - Indirect speech.


Reported Speech from from Questions

Wh- Questions
Changing Wh- Questions to Reported Speech


Wh- questions differ from questions beginning with auxiliary verb forms such as: is, are, am, do, does, has, have, can, will, must.
Instead, the pronouns who, where, what, why and how are used to embed (insert) the question clause into the main clauses.

wh-clauses
Changing Wh- questions to reported speech
who
where
what
why
how / how long / how much

Quoted (Direct speech) vs. Reported Questions(Indirect Speech)

- My friend said, "How are you?"
- My friend asked how I was.

Common Mistake
ERROR

The man asked what time is it.
She asked where are we going for lunch.

(These are common errors of native speakers as well)

FIX

The man asked what time it was.
She asked where we were going for lunch.

Yes-No Questions
Changing Questions to Reported Speech

Yes-No questions differ from WH-questions.
These quoted questions begin with auxiliary verb forms such as: is, are, am, do, does, has, have, can, will, must. They can be answered with "yes" or "no"; hence, they are often called "yes-no questions".
The pronoun whether or if is used to embed (insert) the question clause into the main clause.

Quoted vs. Reported Questions

- My friend said, "Are you coming?"
- My friend asked whether I was coming.

- My friend asked, "Do we have enough money for gas?"
- My friend asked whether we had enough money for gas.

Using if vs. whether

- My friend said, "Are you coming?"
My friend asked whether I was coming.


- Reported Speech from Commands
Commands
Changing commands to reported speech
should
infinitives

- The doctor said, Get some rest."
- The doctor said to get some rest. The doctor said (that) I should get some rest. The doctor told me to get some rest..

Common Mistake
ERROR
Jack shouted, "Let's go!" (Let us go.)*

Jack shouted to let's go

FIXES

Jack shouted at us to go. (less formal; less polite)

Jack shouted for us to go.

Jack shouted that we should go. (more formal)

infinitive-clauses
Changing infinitive phrases to noun clauses

Imposing Will on Others

Subjunctive Verbs
Subjunctive verbs can also be followed by infinitives. (Subjunctive verbs are used when one person imposes his/her will upon another. After "that", the base form of the verb is used.)

Changing Infinitive Phrases to that-clauses
INFINITIVE PHRASE
Verb is followed by an infinitive
- The judge ordered John to leave.

EMBEDDED COMMAND
Verb is followed by the base form of the verb. (no -s)
- The judge ordered that John leave.

The base form of the verb is used (no singular or plural agreement).

Other Verbs

advise, ask, urge, command, desire,order,request,require,suggest.

Common Mistake
ERROR
* I advised that John leaves.

FIX
I advised John to leave.

I advised that John leave. (Use base-form of the verb.)


Reported Speech from Statements
reported speech
Changing quoted statements to reported speech
Embedded in sentences:
present
past

- She said, "It's raining here."
- She said that it was raining there.


that-what phrases

Beginning sentences with "that' or 'what' phrases
that

"That" is a pronoun used to add a noun clause (dependent clause) to a sentence (an independent clause).

what
"What" takes the place of a noun clause. It refers to an event or activity that both the speaker and the listener know.

- That he was a good speaker was obvious to me.
- What he said was obvious to me.

Common Mistake
FIX
- "Change is coming!" "What he said that change is coming."
- What he said was that change is coming. (missing verb)

ADV.06

Jesús Crispín

JESSUCITO

Noun clauses (complex sentences)

In this month we 've learned about Noun clauses like definitions, types and a lot of examples. Mr. Jaramillo has explained that Noun Clauses is part of Complex sentences, and there are four types of sentences. However, I've found 4 types of sentences more, categorized by its functions. So, I'd like to share this information.

o Sentences are categorized in two ways: by structure and by purpose.

Types of Sentences by Structure

· Simple Sentence – “I love chocolate.” One independent clause (underlined).

· Compound Sentence - “I love chocolate, and I love eating chocolate.” Two or more independent clauses.

· Complex Sentence – “I love chocolate because it’s decadent.” One independent clause and one or more dependent clauses (italicized). Note: according to Wikipedia, a sentence like “The dog chewed up the shoes that I just bought” is a simple sentence, not a complex sentence, because the relative clause “that I just bought” simply modifies the noun without performing any other function. I’m not sure how accurate this is, however.

· Complex-Compound Sentence – “I love chocolate because it’s decadent, and I love eating chocolate because it’s delicious.” Two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.
Those four categories apply to normal, grammatical sentences. However, some of our most common expressions are sentences that don’t follow the rules — see Major and Minor Sentences.
Note: obsessive syntacticians (is there any other kind?) have also named more specific types of sentences, which I’ll address when I start learning about the finer points of writing style.

Types of Sentences by Purpose

· Declarative Sentence – “I love chocolate.” Used to make a simple statement. Most sentences are declarative.

· Interrogative Sentence – “Do you love chocolate?” Used to ask a question. See also Rhetorical Question.

· Exclamatory Sentence – “I need chocolate!” Used for emphasis and emotion.

· Imperative Sentence – “Please buy me some chocolate.” Used for commands, with the pronoun you always implied.

· Conditional Sentence – “If I had a billion dollars, I would buy a castle made of chocolate.” Used to express what one would do if a condition were met. There are several types of conditional sentences: the present general (or zero condition), the future more-vivid (or first condition), the future less-vivid (or second condition), the present contrafactual (also sometimes called the second condition), and the past contrafactual (or third condition).

Adv.6
JesúsCrispín
Jessucito

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH.....

Direct and indirect speech

In this unit we have learned that we can report speech in two ways:

- Direct speech (also called quoted speech because we use quotatio marks); is often introduced by a reporting verb such as asked, claimed, said, stated, told, and wondered.
Ex:

George asked, “when was the graduation party?”
Andrea said, “the reporter`s claim is reasonable”.

- Indirect speech (also called reported speech because reports what a speaker said in a noun clause or phrase introduced by a reporting verb).
Ex:

Carlos asked, if I`m coming for dinner.
Yhadira said (that) she would like to come to Peru for the summer.



The verbs say and tell are the most common reporting verbs (they have similar meanings but they are used differently). We usually use the simple past form of these verbs in both, direct and indirect speech.

NOTE:

Don`t use tell when the listener is not mentioned.

Ex:

Andrew said, “Mònica, we have to be ready for the interview”.
Andrew told Mònica they had to be ready for the interview.

Mary told them to clean the galley.
Mary said to clean the galley.



Use if or whether (or not), not that, to introduce an indirect yes/no question.
We often use whether (or not) to emphasize alternatives or different possibilities.

Ex:

Frank asked, “Do you think we`ll pass the course?”
Frank asked if/whether (or not) I thought we would pass the course.


If the reporting verb is in the simple past, the verb in the noun clause often changes:


Simple present simple past

Marta said, “I earned more money in my last job”.
Marta said (that) she earned more money in her last job.


Present progressive past progressive

Marta asked, “David, are you applying for a better job in the company?”
Marta asked David if he was applying for a better job in the company.


Simple past past perfect

“I lost all my belongings”, Carlos noted.
Marta noted (that) he had lost all his belongings.


Present perfect past perfect

“David, have you ever tried eating Mexican food?”, Maria asked.
Maria asked David if he had tried eating Mexican food.




Certain modals often change in indirect speech.

Can could

May might

Must had to

Will would

Ex:

“Paulo, can you bring me the apron?” Anita asked.
Anita asked if Paulo could bring her the apron.

“Andrea, may I help you?” Rodrigo asked.
Rodrigo asked Andrea if he might help her.

“I won´t pass the course if I don´t pay attention”, replied Manuel.
Manuel replied that he wouldn´t pass the course if he doesn´t pay attention




I hope this would be ok.....if not I would try to practice more for improve my knowledge...byee teacher

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

It is nice that each day we learn new things such as this topic.
we can report speech in two ways:
1.- Direct speech: It is also called (quotated speech) one thing that we can't forget about this topic is that is enclosed in quotations marks and is often introduced by some reporting verbs like: ASKED, CLAIMED, SAID, STATED, TOLD, WONDERED.
2.-Indirect speech: It is (also known as reported speech) the indirect speech is someone's report of the direct speech.In contrast to direct speech it is not enclosed by quotations marks and it doesn't contain the exact words of a speaker.

Watch out:
we have to take care the tense of the sentence.
look and learn

Simple present ______ simple past.
Present progressive _____ past progressive.
Simple past _____ Past perfect.
Past progressive ____ past perfect progressive.
Present perfect _____ past perfect.
Past perfect ______ past perfect .

Certain modals often change in indirect speech
Can ___ could
May ___ might
Will ___ would
Must __ had to

some modals such as : should or ought to not change in indirect speech

Here Iam going to set some examples :

1.-Antonio said,''I work hard everyday.'' (direct speeech)
He said that he worked hard everyday (indirect speech)
2.- Marya asked,''Octavio are you studying english?''
Maria asked octavio if he was studying english.
3.-''Foncho voted for TOLEDO ,'' Rigoberto said.
Bob said that Foncho had voted for Toledo.
4.-''Samuel, have you ever been in nigeria?'' Machucado asked.
Machucado asked Samuel if he had ever been in nigeria.
5.-''Antonella, can you call me at noon ?'' Octavious asked.
Octavious asked Antonella if she could call him at noon
6.- '' cindy, I will be thinking of you for the life time.'' Antonio said
Antonio said that he would be thinking of her for the life time.

THERE OTHER WORDS THAT CHANGE IN INDIRECT SPEECH.
TO KEEP THE SPEAKER'S MEANING,MAKE THE NECESSARY CHANGES AS WELL:

1.- This ___ that these ____ those
2.- Here __ there
3.- Now ___ then
4.- Ago ___ before or previously

WRITTEN BY OCTAVIO CHIRINOS AVG6

CONDITIONALS: OTHER WAYS TO EXPRESS UNREALITY
PRESENT AND FUTURE REAL CONDITIONALS

I think Conditional expressions are one of the most important components of programming languages because they enable a program to act differently each time it is executed.

This use is similiar to, and can usually be replaced by, a time clause using 'when':
EXAMPLES:

-When I am late, my father takes me to school.
-If I am late, my father takes me to school.
-She doesn't worry if Jack stays out after school.

Conditional 0 is formed by the use of the present simple in the if clause followed by a comma the present simple in the result clause.

If he comes to town, we have dinner.
OR
We have dinner if he comes to town.

Conditional 1

Often called the "real" conditional because it is used for real - or possible - situations.
EXAMPLES:

-If it rains, we will stay at home.
-He will arrive late unless he hurries up.
-Peter will buy a new car, if he gets his raise.

Conditional 2

Often called the "unreal" conditional because it is used for unreal - impossible or improbable - situations. This conditional provides an imaginary result for a given situation.
The verb 'to be', when used in the 2nd conditional, is always conjugated as 'were'.

EXAMPLES:

If he studied more, he would pass the exam.

I would lower taxes if I were the President.
They would buy a new house if they had more money.

Conditional 3

Often referred to as the "past" conditional because it concerns only past situations with hypothetical results. Used to express a hypothetical result to a past given situation.

EXAMPLES:

If he had known that, he would have decided differently.
Jane would have found a new job if she had stayed in Boston.

Conditional 3 is formed by the use of the past perfect in the if clause followed by a comma would have past participle in the result clause. You can also put the result clause first without using a comma between the clauses.

A06, Jose Pozo